MAS113 Introduction to Probability and Statistics
| Both semesters, 2017/18 | 20 Credits | ||||
| Lecturer: | Prof Jeremy Oakley | Home page (also MOLE) | Timetable | Reading List | |
| Aims | Outcomes | Teaching Methods | Assessment | Full Syllabus | |
The module provides an introduction to the fields of probability and statistics, which form the basis of much of applicable mathematics and operations research. The theory behind probability and statistics will be introduced, along with examples occurring in such diverse areas as medicine, finance, sport, the environment, law and so on. Some of the computational statistical work will make use of the statistics package R.
There are no prerequisites for this module.
The following modules have this module as a prerequisite:
| MAS223 | Statistical Inference and Modelling |
| MAS275 | Probability Modelling |
| MAS281 | Probability and Statistics in Society |
| MAS352 | Stochastic Processes and Finance |
| MAS452 | Stochastic Processes and Finance |
Office hours
Wednesdays 3-5. Alternatively, email me for an appointment or knock on my door if I'm in.
Aims
- Introduce students to the theory of probability, including applications to practical examples;
- To develop the students' knowledge and understanding of statistics.
Learning outcomes
- interpret and perform calculations involving random variables and distributions;
- recognise important standard distributions;
- apply the idea of conditional probability via the law of total probability and Bayes' rule;
- use the software package R for simple calculations, handling data, plots, and working with standard distributions;
- calculate standard errors and properties of sampling distributions in simple problems;
- understand the formulation of inference problems in terms of data and model parameters;
- understand the form and logical basis of significance tests, and be able to interpret such tests;
- understand the concept of a confidence interval and the relationship between confidence intervals and tests;
- understand the basis of simple inference procedures for normal expectations and binomial proportions, and be able to use the procedures in R.
Teaching methods
In both semesters 1 and 2, there will be two formal lectures per week, which will involve the formulation of new theory and worked examples. Each week students will also attend one tutorial, where they will work through set exercises. Areas of common difficulty may be explained on the board by the tutorial leader. Students will also submit homework for marking (but these will not count towards the assessment).
44 lectures, 22 tutorials
Assessment
A formal, closed book, two hour examination at the end of the second semester (80%), online tests (6%), R practical assignments (14%).
Full syllabus
1. Introduction
Statistical and probabilistic
modelling, and the need for a mathematical theory of
chance.
Sets, unions, intersection, complement. Venn diagrams. Sample spaces and events. The idea of measure of a set. Counting measure. Properties of measures. Probability as measure. Calculating probabilities in practice - use of symmetry, relative frequencies, subjective probability. Joint and conditional probability, Bayes theorem, prior and posterior probabilities. Independence. 3. Discrete Random Variables
Discrete random variables. Cumulative distributions and probability laws/ mass functions. Expectation and variance and their properties (e.g. E(X+Y)=E(X)+E(Y), E(aX+b)=aE(X)+b, Var(aX+b)=a2Var(X).) Bernoulli, binomial, Poisson and geometric random variables. Calculations of laws, means and variances. The Poisson distribution as the limit of a binomial. The binomial and Poisson distribution in R. Multivariate discrete random variables. Covariance and correlation between two discrete random variables. The multinomial distribution. 4. Continuous Random Variables
Area under a curve as a measure. Probability via integration. Continuous random variables and their pdfs. Examples. Uniform and exponential distributions. Mean and variance as integrals. The normal distribution. The normal distribution in R. The standard normal Z. Mean and variance in general case via X = σZ + μ. 6. Independent and identically distributed random variables, and the central limit theorem
Independent random variables. Sums of i.i.d. random variables; expectation and variance. Chebyshev's inequality and the law of large numbers. Moment generating functions. The central limit theorem. 7. Summarising and plotting data using R
Working with data in R; calculating summary statistics; plots for visualising data. 8. Introduction to statistical inference
Probabilistic modelling of random sampling from a population. Estimating parameters of probability distributions. 9. Point and interval estimation
Estimating a mean, a proportion and a variance. Expectation and variance of estimators. Confidence interval for the mean with known and unknown variance, large samples and use of the CLT. Confidence intervals for proportions. 10. Hypothesis tests
Fisher's p-value method, and Neyman-Pearson testing. The t test (one and two sample). Implementation using R. The power of a test, and choosing a sample size. Implementation in R. 11. Analysis of contingency tables
The χ2 test for the analysis of contingency tables. Implementation in R.
Reading list
| Type | Author(s) | Title | Library | Blackwells | Amazon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Applebaum, David | Probability and information : an integrated approach (2nd ed) | 519 (A) | Blackwells | Amazon |
| A | Dekking, FM, Kraaikamp, C, Lopuhaa, HP and Meester, LE | A modern introduction to probability and statistics: understanding why and how | 519.2 (D) | Blackwells | Amazon |
| A | Ross, Sheldon M. | A first course in probability (8th ed) | 519.2 (R) | Blackwells | Amazon |
| A | Trosset, Michael W. | An introduction to statistical inference and its applications with R | 519.50285 (T) | Blackwells | Amazon |
| B | Grimmett, Geoffrey, and Welsh, Dominic | Probability : an introduction | 519.2 (G) | Blackwells | Amazon |
| C | Blastland, Michael and Dilnot, Andrew W. | The tiger that isn't : seeing through a world of numbers | 510 (B) | Blackwells | Amazon |
| C | Pruim, Randall | Foundations and Applications of Statistics | Blackwells | Amazon | |
| C | Schoenberg, Frederic P. | Introduction to probability with Texas hold'em examples | 519.2 (S) | Blackwells | Amazon |
| C | Silver, Nate | The Signal and the Noise: The Art and Science of Prediction | 303.49 (S) | Blackwells | Amazon |
(A = essential, B = recommended, C = background.)
Most books on reading lists should also be available from the Blackwells shop at Jessop West.
Timetable (semester 2)
| Mon | 09:00 - 09:50 | lecture | Diamond Building LT3 | ||||
| Mon | 13:00 - 13:50 | lab session | (group 1b) | Hicks Room G25 | |||
| Mon | 13:00 - 13:50 | tutorial | (group 1b) | K14 Hicks Building | |||
| Mon | 15:00 - 15:50 | lab session | (group 2b) | Bartolome House Computer Room ALG04 | |||
| Mon | 15:00 - 15:50 | tutorial | (group 2b) | Hicks Seminar Room F20 | |||
| Mon | 15:00 - 15:50 | tutorial | (group 3b) | Hicks Seminar Room F24 | |||
| Mon | 15:00 - 15:50 | lab session | (group 3b) | Geography Building Computer Room B4 | |||
| Mon | 15:00 - 15:50 | lab session | (group 5b) | Diamond Computer Room 4 / Room 206 | |||
| Mon | 15:00 - 15:50 | tutorial | (group 5b) | Hicks Seminar Room F28 | |||
| Mon | 16:00 - 16:50 | tutorial | (group 4b) | Hicks Seminar Room F20 | |||
| Mon | 16:00 - 16:50 | lab session | (group 4b) | Geography Building Computer Room B4 | |||
| Mon | 16:00 - 16:50 | tutorial | (group 6b) | Hicks Seminar Room F24 | |||
| Mon | 16:00 - 16:50 | lab session | (group 6b) | Portobello IT Room | |||
| Thu | 16:00 - 16:50 | lecture | Dainton Building Lecture Theatre 1 |